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+Glossary 969 
+Equity Option: an option that has common stock as its underlying security. See also 
+Non-Equity Option. 
+Equity Requirement: a requirement that a minimum amount of equity must be 
+present in a margin account. Normally, this requirement is $2,000, but some bro­
+kerage firms may impose higher equity requirements for uncovered option writing. 
+Equivalent Positions: positiohs that have similar profit potential, when measured 
+in dollars, but are constructed with differing securities. Equivalent positions have 
+the same profit graph. A covered call write is equivalent to an uncovered put write, 
+for example. See also Profit Graph. 
+Escrow Receipt: a receipt issued by a bank in order to verify that a customer ( who has 
+written a call) in fact owns the stock and therefore the call is considered covered. 
+European Exercise: a feature of an option that stipulates that the option may be 
+exercised only at its expiration. Therefore, there can be no early assignment with 
+this type of option. 
+Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF): an index fund that is listed on a stock exchange. 
+Options are listed on some ETFs. See also Index Fund. 
+Ex-Dividend: the process whereby a stock's price is reduced when a dividend is 
+paid. The ex-dividend date (ex-date) is the date on which the price reduction takes 
+place. Investors who own stock on the ex-date will receive the dividend, and those 
+who are short stock must pay out the dividend. 
+Exercise: to invoke the right granted under the terms of a listed options contract. 
+The holder is the one who exercises. Call holders exercise to buy the underlying 
+security, while put holders exercise to sell the underlying security. 
+Exercise Limit: the limit on the number of contracts a holder can exercise in a fixed 
+period of time. Set by the appropriate option exchange, it is designed to prevent 
+an investor or group of investors from "cornering" the market in a stock. 
+Exercise Price: the price at which the option holder may buy or sell the underlying 
+security, as defined in the terms of his option contract. It is the price at which the 
+call holder may exercise to buy the underlying security or the put holder may exer­
+cise to sell the underlying security. For listed options, the exercise price is the 
+same as the striking price. See also Exercise. 
+Expected Return: a rather complex mathematical analysis involving statistical dis­
+tribution of stock prices, it is the return an investor might expect to make on an 
+investment if he were to make exactly the same investment many times through­
+out history.